The axial age is a name for the millennia prior to our common era, that is 1000 BC up until Christ. It is impossible to overestimate the importance of this era for the development of the world as we know it. Most of our beliefs, values and philosophy date from this time. Buddhism, Confucianism, monotheism (through Zoroaster), Judaism, the classical Greek philosophy, hinduism... they all date from this era, and have had amazing impact on the world.
One could almost claim that individuality stem from this time, as most of these new teachings emphasize personal salvation through contemplation and finding inner peace - not making sacrifices or empty rituals to please some static Gods somewhere. The focus is slightly shifted from the collective to the individual, even though a lot of these teachings also contain some concept of the good collective.
My theory is this;
Man lived a quite good and satisfying life as hunter- gatherers prior to the agricultural revolution. This state of freedom and satisfaction still lingers in most cultures and myths as the "good old days" - paradise and its equivalents in different cultures and religions. Somehow we have a collective memory of this time and also a collective desire to go back to that way of life.
But, as we very well know, we began to settle down and became farmers instead. Probably as a response to overpopulation.
Here is my point: I think this transformation was incredibly traumatic for mankind, and we still haven't recovered from the shock. The forbidden fruit that Eve ate was not one of knowledge - but rather the first cultivated fruit. From this moment on Adam was bound to the soil in labor. From this moment the concept of ownership of things and land was also introduced, which also is unnatural for man. From this Defining Moment on (yes, I know that it was not
one moment, but it is a good figure of speech) we are all slaves. Basically all evil stems from this defining moment. Prior to this there was nothing to wage war over. (No, I don't think that there never were any wars or evil prior to this, but not ever at the scale we have seen from that Moment on.)
Hobbes was wrong, the natural state was not a state of
Bellum omnium contra omnes - the war of all against all. No, this state that he feared so deeply is rather what we have lived in ever since that Defining Moment. Hobbes lived in the world he feared, and we still do. The celebration of the Heroic Warrior still defines our society, and our whole system of states and hierarchies is created for war.
The division of time in stone age, bronze age and so on is unsatisfactory and reflects our obsession with materials and materialistic values. Rather, I would like to divide modern mankind's time like this; first the time of hunting and gathering "the good natural state", secondly the time after the Defining Moment when we became farmers - "the first agricultural age", thirdly the time from the axial age up until the industrial revolution - "the second agricultural age" and fourthly the industrial age, which finally and utterly completes the process of alienating humans from the natural state, nature and the nature of mankind. This age is also the age where we (try to) replace all spiritual needs with things and materialism, and where ownership of land and resources is valued higher than the existence of life itself. The result? Prozac and hydrogen bombs.
We have created a world in which we really, really shouldn't live in. We are in a constant, collective state of shock and therefore we do not act rationally and reasonable.
The bad news is that there is probably no way what so ever to go back. As soon as the concept of ownership were introduced humanity were forever altered.
This is the original sin which we have all inherited from Eve and Adam (or whatever we choose to call our ancestors).The good news is that we might be heading in to, or already experience, the beginning of a new axial age. Just as the old faiths in the first axial age were more and more seen as anachronisms, people all over the world are also beginning to reevaluate their faiths and realize that we live in a time that might need to redefine it's beleif systems and values. Is there a life-cycle system of faiths? The faiths that were created after the Defining Moment lived for some 2-3000 years up until the axial age. That was 2-3000 years ago. Maybe we will define the beliefsystem and values that will be defining the next 2-3000 years? The development of mankind might be in a pace where all faiths must be redefined every two to three millennia.
Buddha, Zoroaster, Socrates, Plato, Jesus, Confucius - they were the ones who changed the world during the last axial age. Who will our new "messiahs" be? Ghandi and Mandela? Not impossible, but not likely. Their deeds were maybe a bit to profane. And in a way they do not mark a very significant break with society outside their own countries. No, I think they might be inspirations for the ones who will define our axial age, but not be the ones who define it.